Word: normalized
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...injects the entire package directly into muscle. Once the IGF-1 gene inserts itself into the genome of the muscle cell, it begins to churn out the insulin-like growth factor that activates muscle expansion. Muscles in mice injected this way grew up to 30% larger than in normal animals, even when the mice didn't exercise. And as the animals aged, their muscles remained strong, as vigorous as if they belonged to far younger mice. In the coming months, Sweeney plans to inject IGF-1 into dogs to learn more about how the added growth factor would operate...
Because of their particular focus, muscular-dystrophy labs stand to provide a rich pipeline of potential doping agents. Muscular dystrophy is a genetic condition in which muscle can no longer repair the tiny abrasions that come from normal wear and tear, and begins to waste away. The disease mimics an exaggerated form of the stress that highly trained athletes inflict on their muscles. To restore the balance in favor of regeneration, researchers are isolating the myriad growth factors and other biochemical compounds that regulate the musclemaking factory...
...that inhibits IGF-1 activity in the muscle. The pharmaceutical maker Wyeth Ayerst is testing a myostatin blocker in early trials of healthy humans, and hopes that it may become a new treatment option for those with muscular dystrophy or for the elderly who have become frail from the normal muscle wasting that occurs with aging...
When researchers found a way to bioengineer a version of the human hormone erythropoeitin (EPO), which acts as the body's trigger to create more red blood cells, it didn't take long for athletes with perfectly normal red-blood-cell counts to exploit the technology. French cyclists were caught using EPO in the 1998 Tour de France; Olympic officials began testing athletes at the Sydney Games...
...researching a powerful new tool able to precisely measure a person's metabolic profile. "Athletes who are doping are altering their metabolism, whether it's by taking a drug or inserting a gene," Ashenden says. "So if we can look at their metabolic profile and see it isn't normal, then that's evidence they have doped--even if we might not know what exactly they've done...