Word: normally
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...what arthritis ultimately is) into the bellies of the rodents. If the researchers gave them turmeric first (also by injection into the abdomen), there was far less joint swelling produced. A specific active ingredient of the turmeric worked better still. A rigorous protocol and pictures of the rats' normal and swollen joints convinced me there was a real effect. Further experiments by the group even showed how turmeric turns down inflammation, by blocking production of the protein that turns on the gene that tells tiny blood vessels to grow...
...outside, however, IVD sperm are not identical to normal sperm. "We think, for normal structure development, sperm needs the testes environment," says Nayernia. It takes 15 to 16 years in the testes before the primordial germ cells that morph into spermatogonia, or a primitive precursor of the germ cells, are able to mature into sperm cells that can successfully fertilize an egg. (See the top 10 medical breakthroughs...
...cells allow researchers to witness the normal development of sperm for the first time. "In the human, sperm development is a very long process," Nayernia says. "It takes more than 15 years and is not an accessible system. With this system, we can now watch that development in three months...
...unclear whether IVD sperm may eventually be able to fertilize an egg successfully - the ultimate measure of similarity between IVD sperm and normal sperm. (Nayernia is currently testing whether mouse eggs fertilized with IVD sperm can lead to a healthy animal.) If the researcher can generate human IVD sperm that look like normally developed sperm and can get the artificially created germ cells to fertilize an egg, then he can allow the resulting embryo to develop for 14 days - according to U.K. law, embryos created for research purposes must be destroyed at that point. "We would need to study that...
...convince the population in one way or the other. So my metric is our success in the argument. It's not the enemy killed, it's not ground taken. It's how much governance we've got and where governance goes. It's people's willingness to conduct normal lives. But here you have to know what normal is. It's not the same in Kabul as Barakat...