Word: norwegians
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...greater pressure is on Norway. Up until now, the pattern has been for the Soviet navy to hold major exercises off the Norwegian coast twice a year. Last week, for the second time in less than three months, units of the Russian navy-including the new star of the Soviet fleet, the 40,000-ton aircraft carrier Kiev-took part in practice maneuvers in the northern Norwegian sea. The exercise included an unusually strong display of air capability. The 40 or so ships and 30 submarines involved in the operation were only part of the Murmansk-based Soviet Northern Fleet...
...doughty Norwegians also have become embroiled in a series of diplomatic and territorial disputes with their giant neighbor. The touchiest is the issue of how to establish their areas of control in the Barents Sea and its continental shelf. Not only do the Soviets want to protect their strategic position around Murmansk, they also seek increased fishing rights and access to the potential oil and gas reserves in the 59,870 sq. mi. under dispute. After seven years of negotiations on the question, says a Norwegian diplomat, "we've got absolutely nowhere...
...forbidding island of Spitsbergen is another bone of contention. The Soviets keep pressing Oslo for a "special arrangement" that would enhance their economic rights on the island, which was demilitarized in 1920 by a 40-nation treaty and placed under Norwegian sovereignty. Rebuffed, Moscow nonetheless insists on maintaining 3,400 Russians on Spitsbergen (v. 1,000 Norwegians), most of whom are military men disguised as civilians. Under the treaty, their presence on the island is perfectly legal, so long as they obey Norwegian laws. One of their assignments: to discourage Norwegian interest in the Kola Peninsula's military installations...
While the Danes have no territorial or diplomatic disagreements with Moscow, they are uneasy about Soviet demonstrations of military strength off their coasts. Like their Norwegian allies, Danish pilots must scramble regularly to counter Soviet incursions into their country's airspace. NATO experts are alarmed by the dramatic rise in the flow of Warsaw Pact naval strength in the region and by the gradual westward shift of amphibious exercises. Soviet, Polish and East German destroyers cruise year round at the Baltic end of the Danish Straits; Soviet destroyers patrol the Skagerrak from May to October, in effect controlling traffic...
...flank has a direct bearing on the East-West nuclear balance. The Soviets have been sending their highly sophisticated Delta-class 14,000-ton nuclear submarines, armed with SSN8 missiles (range: nearly 5,000 miles), ever deeper into the Arctic Sea. Says Willy Østreng, research associate at the Norwegian Arctic Research Institute: "For the first time the Soviets have direct access to the high seas, even if under ice, without having to go through international straits. From that area, their Delta-class subs can shower any part of the U.S. with nuclear missiles." NATO naval forces, moreover, find...