Word: novo
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WHILE the filmmaker-revolutionaries of our "developed" culture are busily spinning abstract "fabrics of contradiction," using the formal tools of High Intellectuality, Glauber Rocha has created a vital and concrete anti-imperialist Cinema Novo in Brazil with the forms of a crude dialectic generated organically out of revolutionary struggle. The "underdeveloped" nature of Third World Culture, with fewer legitimized forms and fewer aesthetic contradictions to sort, actually advances the political clarity and power of an art that is directly rooted in social realities. The ruling elites have always aligned themselves with European (and now American) culture, proliferating it economically (Hollywood...
PROBABLY the most important early influences on Brazilian directors of the Cinema Novo movement, Rocha has commented, were the films and theoretical writings of Sergei Eisenstein and especially his concept of dialectical montage. This inter-cutting of images as "shocks" provides a language for expressing abstractly the confrontations between abstract forces of history, constructed into a coherent whole, an "agit-guinol" by the director, who intends to achieve a specific effect for the audience, which remains essentially passive. Rocha modifies this concept in developing the dialectical shot, in which each element-each character, myth, power-figure-comes into conflict with...
Appointed Premier in 1932, he set out to create an Estado Novo, a corporate state modeled on Mussolini's Italy. He forcibly imposed unity on the nation and created a secret police organization, PIDE, that harshly repressed dissent. He ran the economy with a stern, conservative hand, but his country remained the poorest in Western Europe. At the time of his retirement, Portugal's annual per-capita income was $454 (v. Spain's $663), and 40% of its 9,000,000 people were illiterate...
Behind the delay lies the widening shadow cast by the Vietnam war. Because of the war's expense, Bryant says, the President probably "doesn't want to introduce new programs that have to be financed in novo." It is not clear just what the Commission's report will recommend, but it is sure to call for big increases in federal expenditures on libraries. And Johnson gave this kind of expenditure a distant second priority in his Education message to Congress, so the immediate prospects for pushing federal construction of massive new research centers look thoroughly bleak...
Many able economists and engineers had long known that much of the Soviet economy was a joke, and started saying so. Typical was the protest about the construction of the Novo-Lipetsk steel mill. The plans took up 91 volumes comprising 70,000 pages, specified precisely the location of each nail, lamp or washstand-everything, in fact, except whether the project was economically sound. An engineer estimated perhaps half in jest that at the rate the paper-wafflers were multiplying, by 1980 the planning agencies might well employ every man and woman in the Soviet Union. One mathematician made...