Word: nuclei
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...thin, high, outer fringe of the atmosphere, the Fort Monmouth men explained, the atoms of gas are ionized by solar ultraviolet light into positively charged nuclei and negative electrons. Theory suggested that at a certain altitude above the earth this charged plasma should have a sort of elasticity that would permit hydromagnetic waves to pass along it, rather like mechanical waves traveling along a coil spring. The Fort Monmouth scientists found that the Argus explosions started just such waves in a layer of plasma about 1,500 miles high. The waves were about 1,000 miles long, and they traveled...
...controlled fusion reaction is to heat up deuterium gas until the nucleus (one proton and one neutron) of each atom is separated from the electron that ordinarily orbits around it (deuterium is the hydrogen isotope in heavy water, D2O). If the particles are made hot enough, the deuterium nuclei will collide with ample force to "fuse" together, forming helium 3 and giving off a neutron. When that happens, part of their mass is converted into energy-the energy of the hydrogen bomb, the stars...
...recent experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where billions of reactor-bred neutrons were fired at atoms of magnetic iron, nickel and cobalt. According to Dr. Freeman's mathematical analysis, the neutrons bounced off the atoms' electrons in patterns that indicate that the atoms have varying shapes. The nuclei of iron atoms are surrounded by a cloud of electrons in almost the classic shape of a globe. But the electrons of nickel and cobalt atoms form cigar-shaped lobes around the nucleus, so that the whole atom looks like a sphere with blisters. Significance of Dr. Freeman...
...behave very differently. Its gamma rays will not be absorbed; traveling at the speed of light, they may do damage to humans and to delicate electrical apparatus-including missiles-miles away. Just behind them will come fast-expanding concentric shells of radioactive beta particles (electrons), alpha particles (charged helium nuclei) and neutrons. Bringing up the rear will be the hot gases of the ball of fire, which will expand indefinitely. Some of the residue of an explosion above the atmosphere will presumably shoot out of the solar system. But the amount of lethal fallout on the earth's surface...
This would be true growth, say the geneticists, and evolution would soon improve the original breed. DNA would eventually wrap itself in cells and retire to their nuclei to give orders. Cells would later band together into multicelled animals, but they would not escape the commands of the DNA within them. Samuel Butler wrote: "A hen is only an egg's way of making another egg." Geneticists like to make this remark more general: "All plants, and animals and humans," they say, "are DNA's way of making more...