Word: nuclei
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...rise, light bulbs to glow and lightning to snake across the sky. Gravity holds chairs to the floor and planets in their orbital paths. The strong force binds together the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The weak force causes subatomic particles to shoot out of the nuclei of atoms during the radioactive decay of such unstable elements as uranium...
...example, whereas Hwang's assistants gently squeeze the nuclei from eggs donated by female volunteers, researchers at other labs use a microaspirator to suck out the contents, which Hwang believes may damage the eggs unnecessarily. "Professor Hwang jokes that we're good at manipulating the egg this way because we can use chopsticks," says Okjae Koo, one of the graduate students...
Ever since the 1970s, when scientists first learned to snip individual fragments from the hundreds of thousands of genes in the nuclei of mammalian cells, the behavior of the isolated segments interacting with cells in a laboratory dish has been studied extensively, an approach with obvious limitations. "A new gene in cell culture can't walk funny or think strange thoughts or do what it had planned to do," says David Baltimore, director of the Whitehead Institute and a Nobel-prizewinning biologist. "You need to trace its course through a living, breathing organism...
...part genetic mongrel. They fused a gene that produces rat growth hormone to a powerful regulatory switch cleaved from a mouse gene. That construct in hand, the scientists mated normal male and female mice, and then removed the fertilized eggs from the female before the egg and sperm nuclei had combined. Viewing the cell beneath a microscope and wielding a glass micropipette less than the width of a human hair, the researchers injected their fusion construct into the larger male nucleus and then implanted the manipulated eggs into foster mothers...
...nuclei of the skin cells would then be inserted into the eggs to create human embryos carrying the genes for the disease and stem cells would be drawn from these embryos...