Word: offs
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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On variation one (upper left) the quarterback hands the ball off directly to the right half, and then fakes to the fullback (the black line indicates the path of the ball). On variation two, he fakes to the right half and actually gives to the fullback circling left.
The series of experiments, according to Skinner, deals with the "reward principle," that is, the amount of work a creature will perform in gambling against a future pay-off. Skinner compares this with "the incentive for wage-earning in Man."
Skinner places his pigeons in a small closed box with a button in one wall. The birds must peck at this button at least once every five minutes to be paid off with food. The eager but ignorant pigcon, however, not knowing he will get the same reward with less...
According to Professor Skinner, the most interesting development in his tests from a scientific point of view is the "extinction curve" which registers the petering-off of pecks.
A far more difficult process for the birds comes up when the apparatus is set so that a delay between two pecks is necessary for a meal pay-off. He eventually gets wise to this when he discovers that turning around between the first and second peck, or walking across...