Word: operationalize
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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"It's kind of like a cool steam bath," says Harry A. Hawkes, director for engineering and utilities, who oversees the tunnels' operation most directly.
While most surgeons are willing to adopt minimally invasive, or noninvasive, procedures to control bleeding during an operation--such as laparoscopy, which requires tiny incisions, or ultrasound to destroy kidney stones--they usually stop short of transfusionless surgery. Some medical fundamentalists view it as a false promise with its own...
In one especially difficult case that Shander oversaw at Englewood, 11-year-old Cristali Rodriguez came in with a rare pancreatic tumor, one of only 300 documented cases worldwide. Doctors in Philadelphia had declined to perform a Whipple procedure, a complex reconstruction of the digestive tract rarely performed on a...
All these tools have revolutionized neurosurgery but, just as in his lab work, Black keeps pushing to improve them. He is advising a student, for example, on a project aimed at essentially bringing functional MRI into the operating room in real time. This would permit a surgeon to re-image...
Instead, Black began to use radio waves, which cook the cancer to death right away. A few years ago, he developed a treatment that uses an MRI-guided radio-wave probe to reach into a tumor. The procedure can be performed under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis and be...