Word: orderers
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...Wall. A group of East German youths had gathered in hopes of hearing a rock concert on the other side when armed police moved in. The youths took up a chant: "We want Gorbachev!" In effect, they were invoking his new thinking to mitigate the brutality of the old order. The tactic did not work. The police cracked heads and dispersed the crowd. The moment did not augur well, either, for the more free-spirited citizens of the Soviet bloc or for Gorbachev himself. It demonstrated that, too often, Soviet power still comes from the barrel...
...Saturday, Mohtashami made his espionage charges, claiming that the French diplomats had "acted as a connecting bridge to help counterrevolutionaries escape abroad and also to help link splinter groups inside Iran." French officials accused Iran of making the spying allegations in order to create a situation parallel to the standoff in Paris. They announced that if Tehran approves, Italy will represent France in Iran, where nearly 300 French nationals still reside, in addition to the embassy personnel. The first job for the Italians would be to try to defuse the crisis by negotiating the mutual repatriation of the French...
Strange and different? Yes, very. But not quite as strange and different as it would have seemed a couple of years ago. Novoye myshleniye (new thinking), Mikhail Gorbachev calls this vision of a new international order. The phrase has become a standard entry in Gorbachev's lexicon, along with another mouthful: obshchaya bezopasnost (mutual security). In the world according to Gorbachev, these concepts mean rejecting the basic zero-sum, cold-war notion that any gain for one side requires a loss for the other, that security depends on making rivals insecure. "Less security for the U.S. compared to the Soviet...
...away feeling that the Soviets had in fact adopted this approach. "The Soviets have made a major change in both rhetoric and doctrine under Gorbachev by adopting mutual security," he says. "It runs counter to Leninist doctrine, which was that one had to achieve superiority and threaten others in order to be safe...
American analysts from Kennan onward have stressed their own view of the connection: the Kremlin's totalitarian domestic system, they argue, is a primary cause of its expansionist foreign policy. In order to consolidate and protect its power at home, the ruling elite finds it useful to create a hostile international environment. Richard Pipes, a history professor at Harvard University and hard-line Soviet expert who served in the Reagan Administration, is a noted proponent of this view. Says he: "Aggressiveness is embedded in a system where there is a dictatorial party that can justify its power only by pretending...