Word: ottoman
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...ruins of the decayed and defeated Ottoman Empire rose a new Turkish republic that stands today as democracy's strongest bastion in the Middle East. This was the achievement of one man, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. After World War I he raised a new army and drove out the Greeks, who were occupying Turkey with Allied backing. He threw out the established Moslem religion, warred on the fez and the veil, forced Western clothes, laws, letters and institutions on 16 million bewildered Turks. Through all the years of dazzling leadership, this bitter, sullen, debauched son of the Salonika slums never...
Meanwhile, in Sever 17, three of the History Department's best, Professor Langer and Associate Professors Wolff and Frye, tackle the Middle East since the end of the 13th century. Ottoman Empire sheiks and Balkan intrigues are subject matters for this, History...
...World War I, four old empires died: the Russian, Prussian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian. The rot spread to Asia, and from the Middle East to Indo-China, the surge towards independence stirred among a billion people. World War II rocked the remaining empires: Japan's was liquidated; so was Mussolini's. In the past ten years, 600 million Arabs and Asians have won political independence, established ten new sovereign states.* France, expelled from Syria and Lebanon after World War II, is on the way out of Indo-China. The once prosperous Dutch East Indies has become the unprosperous...
...principal entrance to the grounds of Istanbul's patriarchate is a door that is never opened. Before it, in 1822 the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregorius V was hanged on the orders of Sultan Mahmoud II, who accused him of conspiring with the Greeks in a revolt against the Ottoman Empire. For generations, the Closed Door was an Orthodox shrine to the ancient enmity. Under Athenagoras, the door is still closed, but now, as an Orthodox official recently explained: "The Closed Door is a memorial for a dead Patriarch, not a reminder of the way he died...
...deterrents to Russian ambitions in the Middle East-the Ottoman Empire (before World War I) and the Indian army operating as the "Imperial Reserve" behind British and French strength (before World War II)-are not what they were. What remains-one division of the British-officered Arab Legion and two British divisions in the Suez Canal Zone-would be toothpicks in the torrent. (Britain, moreover, is negotiating to quit the Zone.) The Arab states are divided against each other and divided within, more scared of Israel, and more resentful of Britain, than of Russia...