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...many atoms, particularly those of metallic conductors, the outer shell has a number of empty slots, and the electrons that it does contain are not bound as tightly to it as those in the inner shells. Just as the sun's gravitational pull is weaker on distant Pluto than on nearby Mercury, the hold of an atomic nucleus is also weaker on electrons in the outermost layers...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Superconductors! | 5/11/1987 | See Source »

...when an electric current -- which is simply a stream of moving electrons -- flows in a conductor, electrons move from empty slot to empty slot in the outer shells of the atoms. A material like rubber, on the other hand, is an insulator: it consists largely of atoms with completely filled, stable outer shells. Thus when voltage is applied, electrons have no empty slots to move into, and no current flows...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Superconductors! | 5/11/1987 | See Source »

...this light, Extreme becomes an entertaining piece of Hollywood garbage, endearing precisely because it stinks. File it in between Plan 9 From Outer Space and Beyond The Valley Of The Ultra-Vixens and revel in the unintentional hilarity. All Extreme Prejudice lacks are extra-terrestrial vehicles that look like Chrysler hubcaps...

Author: By Jeff Chase, | Title: Macho Cheese Dip | 4/30/1987 | See Source »

...supernova occurs after a star runs out of fuel to power its burning core and immediately implodes. The energy released during this event rapidly expels the star's outer gases...

Author: By Benjamin R. Miller, | Title: Astronomers Observe Supernova | 4/11/1987 | See Source »

Finally, after a cycle of contraction and re-expansion, the sun's surface gravity will be so low the outer layers will boil off into space, leaving behind only the naked core, a lump of matter about as big as the earth, but with 60% of the sun's original mass, glowing blue-hot at perhaps 120,000 degrees C. That stage will mark the end of the sun's active life; its nuclear fires will never again turn on. Slowly it will cool until it is first a white dwarf, still glowing, then a cold black dwarf, a cinder...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: The Fate of the Sun | 3/23/1987 | See Source »

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