Word: overthrows
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Justice Harlan laid the fault principally on District Judge William C. Mathes for issuing "fatally defective" instructions to the jury at the 1952 trial. Judge Mathes had instructed the jury that "advocacy and teaching" under the Smith Act did not mean merely talking about the "desirability" or "propriety" of overthrowing the U.S. Government by force and violence. Instead, said Mathes, it required "urging" the "necessity" and "duty" of violent, forcible overthrow...
...jury instructions of Judge Harold Medina in the landmark trial in New York of Communist Party Secretary Eugene Dennis and ten other top U.S. Reds. The Medina instructions, upheld by the Supreme Court in 1951, said that the Smith Act denounced not the "abstract doctrine" of violent overthrow but the "teaching and advocacy of action" in "language reasonably and ordinarily calculated to incite persons to such action." Apparently, to the Supreme Court's mind, the key phrase was "incite to action"-and Judge Mathes had failed...
...Party. He invoked a strong feeling: though Turkey remains a Moslem country, a whole generation of Turks has been brought up to believe that progress and democracy became possible only after Ataturk abolished the fez, separated church and state. Pointedly Inonu recalled that during their fight to overthrow the Sultan and forge the Turkish Republic, Ataturk and his followers were formerly proclaimed infidels by the Constantinople Caliphate. "The main point," said Inonu, "is not the pardon of this hodja, but whether we are going to permit the return of this kind of thing...
...with all the politeness in the world the learned Portuguese judges could not disregard a bulky file, uncovered in Galvão's apartment, which contained a detailed blueprint for the overthrow of the government. In his own defense, Galvão pleaded that the carefully constructed plot was merely an outline for a play he had in mind...
...cardinal knows that Poland's antiStalinist, National Communist regime represents the utmost limit to which Moscow will let Poland go in the direction of freedom. If Poland's passionately anti-Communist people, hoping for a truly democratic government, were to overthrow or even threaten the Gomulka regime, the result would be as sure as shooting was in Hungary last year: the Russians would move in. To prevent this, Wyszynski has wholeheartedly supported Gomulka, has again and again kept the Poles from rioting against the government. Poles of all political shadings, including Communists, agree that it was Wyszynski...