Word: oxygenate
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These are only a few of the myriad new uses; man also employs the gases to fire rockets, sterilize rooms, freeze ice cream and produce soda bubbles. Food processors use liquid hydrogen to stiffen oils into shortening through "hydrogenation." Steelmakers are taking big gulps of pure oxygen in their furnaces to speed melting. In orbital flights, the astronauts burn liquid oxygen as fuel and breathe its evaporations...
Sharp Rivalry. Broader markets have only sharpened the competition among the three rival companies that dominate the industry. Union Carbide's Linde Co., founded in 1907 to exploit the air-separation discoveries of German Scientist Carl von Linde, rings up $287 million yearly and leads in sales of oxygen. Air Reduction Co. (sales: $287 million) leads in gases for welding and in research on food freezing. The youngest, smallest and scrappiest of the big three is Air Products and Chemicals (sales: $100 million), which pioneered in liquid hydrogen and grew to its present size by building big air-separation...
...store and ship liquid gases, which are constantly accompanied by the danger of evaporation or explosion. Linde and Air Products both have developed liquid-nitrogen tanks that keep food trucks cold even when doors are endlessly opened and closed. Linde is using nine miles of pipeline to pump oxygen and nitrogen along the Houston Ship Channel to Humble Oil, Sheffield Steel and other users; Air Reduction has opened a 22-mile nitrogen pipeline along the Delaware River to service such customers as Du Pont, SunOlin and Shell Chemical...
...devise new products and processes to keep ahead of competitors-but the number runs to 13.000 or 14.000 scientists and engineers. Says Gross: "I suspect there's more science and engineering in a button today than there was 20 years ago." In, steel, Europe's new oxygen furnaces have outmoded the old open hearth, which is much slower and costlier, and forced many U.S. steel firms to begin installing the more efficient furnaces...
...modern capacity," says Gross. Though the U.S. is producing at less than 90% of total capacity, many economists and industrialists alike feel that up to 20% of U.S. industrial capacity is either outdated or inefficient-and that capacity figures are therefore misleading. When steel firms install new oxygen equipment, for example, they may not tear down their massive old furnaces but keep them as standbys. The new process adds to their capacity to produce steel; the old furnaces, though idle, continue to be counted in capacity figures. The result: though steel may be operating at 100% ?f its effective modern...