Word: oxygenating
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...will form clouds of gas and dust that can coalesce into new stars and planets. Indeed, most of the elements abundant on earth today, except hydrogen, were cooked up in some star that became a supernova. Says Woosley: "The calcium in our bones, the iron in hemoglobin and the oxygen we all breathe came from explosions like this...
...sought-after goal proved to be elusive. In the early 1970s scientists found an alloy of niobium and germanium that lost all resistance at 23 K. Then, last April, a group at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Switzerland announced development of a compound of barium, lanthanum, copper and oxygen that appeared to begin the transition to superconductivity...
...since these antigens were genetically controlled, there was no way to remove them from the cell," says Kevin Lafferty, an Australian-born immunologist who is director of research at the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes in Denver. In 1980, however, Lafferty discovered that culturing islet cells in an oxygen-rich environment for a couple of weeks kills those that bear trigger antigens. Says Calvin Stiller, an immunologist at the University of Western Ontario: "This cultured fetal tissue can be transplanted with impunity...
Ischemia occurs when coronary arteries partly clogged with fatty deposits of plaque suddenly contract in spasms or are blocked by a clot, depriving the heart muscle of blood and thus oxygen. While painful or "noisy" ischemia (angina) often results from physical stress, like climbing stairs, even slight exertions, like balancing a checkbook, can trigger silent ischemia. During these episodes, which typically last a few minutes but can go on for ten hours, large portions of heart muscle can be damaged. Yet in more than 75% of all cases, for still unknown reasons, the victim feels no pain...
...final step was to irrigate the plants with a solution containing luciferin, another substance found in fireflies, which must combine with luciferase, oxygen and adenosine triphosphate, a substance found in all cells, to produce the familiar luminescence. The plant's well-being is unaffected by the glow, which can be seen only with sensitive video equipment, photographic time exposures or eyes that have become accustomed to the dark...