Word: pacifists
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...pacifist stand prompted him to seek nonviolent means of direct political action for the Negro's civil rights. He began to read Gandhi. Distressed by the lack of progress in integration, he and his friends decided to form a nonviolent organization that would preach civil disobedience. That was the beginning of CORE and also the beginning of the sit-ins. "The Movement really began in the early 'forties. Up until that time, all blacks participated in segregation at least passively. It was important that we should not lend ourselves to the evil we condemned...
...everyone in CORE shared Farmer's pacifist views. "Nonviolence was chosen for several reasons. Primarily we were impressed by the fact that the black community had no guns. So we saw ourselves as organizing 'war without violence' -- that's Gandhi's phrase." The first sit-ins took place in Chicago, not a friendly town for demonstrators. "In the early 'forties, public accommodations was not just a Mississippi or Alabama problem--it was a national problem. In Chicago we had to force our way into restaurants. The owners might call in hoods to take care of us, or the police would...
...social work at Manhattan's Spring Street Presbyterian Church and Settlement House, traveled around the world, took a divinity degree at Union Theological Seminary, and then became pastor of an East Harlem church. His work in city slums led him to socialism, and he became a pacifist during World War I, thus alienating many of his patriotic friends and earning enduring hostility from others. He entered politics in 1924 as the Socialist and Progressive candidate for Governor of New York. After the death of Eugene V. Debs in 1926, he became leader of the U.S. Socialist Party...
...devoted his extracurricular time to increasing attendance at club functions from an average of 15 to 500; he helped Socialist Norman Thomas draw a bigger crowd than either Tom Dewey or Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential campaign. He picketed Urbana's segregated movie houses and restaurants. A pacifist, he registered for a time as a conscientious objector...
...tried to commit suicide. His parents responded by sending him first to a faith healer, then to a school for the mentally retarded. In 1911, he visited India on a spiritual quest. World War I was a "gut, emotional, experience" for Hesse; renouncing German authoritarianism, he joined the pacifist Romain Rolland in writing antiwar tracts, and as a result fell into political, social and literary disfavor...