Word: pact
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...hostilities against China meant that the Nine-Power Treaty had become "inapplicable or ineffective." He went back to the Washington Conference of 1921-22 to recall that Belgium, Britain, France. Italy. Japan, The Netherlands, Portugal and the U. S. then and there had joined with China in this pact to respect Chinese sovereignty and integrity and to establish the "Open Door" to China trade as a diplomatic fact. Wrote the Secretary to the Senator: "At the time this treaty was signed it was known that China was engaged in an attempt to develop the free institutions of a self-governing...
...done in the case of Japan without the concurrence of the United States; nor will any steps be taken toward it without assurance that, if taken, this country will concur. The United States is not a member of the League, but it is a party to the Kellogg-Briand pact of Paris, and there can be no doubt that Japan, contrary to that pact, has sought to settle a dispute by other than pacific means...
...this impasse, and many another, seemed dimly to appear as the Geneva Conference started talking about "humanizing war." If this, instead of "disarmament" or "limitation" should be set up as the Conference's goal, argued many delegates, then the Conference might succeed. Its members would all sign a "Pact Humanizing War," promising each other not to wage bacteriological warfare or chemical warfare and not to bomb civilian populations. A Pact Humanizing War, as one Geneva paper said, "might have the effect of reviving chivalry...
...over European lines rather than over American. The Government of the United States has put plainly on record its disapproval of what is in reality an aggressive war on China by Japan. It has founded its objection to this aggressive proceeding on the moral force of the Kellogg-Briand Pact and on the Nine-Power Treaty of 1922. Dr. Lowell freely admits that any action which the United States may take or may join in with other Powers is based not on the Covenant of the League of Nations but on these two agreements, to which we have adhered...
...Kellogg Pact is a formal renunciation of the means of war on the part of the signatory Powers. It assigns no penalty for the breaking of the pledge which it implies. It binds no one to the act of enforcement. The Nine-Power, like any other actual treaty, goes further in its implications than the purely declaratory utterance of the Kellogg Pact. Dr. Lowell says that "we are entitled to take the steps necessary to cause the observance of the treaty." But to be "entitled" to take such a step is one thing, and to take upon our shoulders...