Word: pacts
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...more than once of the futility of resistance to Soviet domination. In 1953 a revolt by East German workers was suppressed with the help of Soviet troops. In 1956 came the Hungarian uprising, sparking a Soviet invasion that left thousands dead. Czechoslovakia's Prague Spring was crushed by Warsaw Pact tanks in 1968. That was followed by Moscow's enunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine, justifying the use of Soviet force in maintaining Communist regimes in the region. In 1981, soon after Soviet divisions held maneuvers along Poland's borders, General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law to quell the independent trade...
Like the West, the East has sprouted its own supranational institutions--all under Soviet control. The Warsaw Pact, signed in 1955, formalized Soviet direction of Eastern Europe's armed forces. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, or Comecon, was set up to coordinate and integrate East bloc economies; the system has been as ungainly as its foundation stone, Soviet-style central planning...
...ruling Politburo's aging members. But Communist Party Leader Mikhail Gorbachev has been making his power felt, and last week, according to some reports in Moscow, he rehabilitated Ogarkov. The general, it was said, had been appointed First Deputy Defense Minister and commander in chief of the Warsaw Pact forces. That would make Ogarkov the No. 3 man in the Soviet military...
There was other compelling evidence last week that Gorbachev is carrying out a high-level shuffle of the Soviet military. The current Warsaw Pact commander, Marshal Viktor Kulikov, 64, it was rumored, had been given a lesser post. Marshal Vladimir Tolubko, 70, who was in charge of the country's strategic rocket forces, has retired. So has Marshal Alexei Yepishev, 77, chief of the powerful main political directorate of the army and navy; his replacement is General Alexei Lizichev, 57, currently political commissar of Soviet forces in East Germany. Western diplomats believe these changes bear the marks of Gorbachev...
...proposed exemptions: defense spending, R&D costs and contributions to the E.U. budget. The proposals drew fire. "Adding a long list of exemptions would blur the picture," says an Estonian diplomat. "Inflation, investment and credit ratings are all at stake." Juncker even warned the pact could be left as is, which would rile France and Germany. Next week, he'll bring ministers together again to try to find a compromise. But few expect a solution until E.U. leaders meet in Brussels later this month - if then. BA Gets A New Pilot Talk about getting an upgrade. Willie Walsh, former boss...