Word: painful
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...take the same classes. In the summer, however, that parallel breaks down: students on financial aid are expected to work to pay their student contribution. If a student is planning on interning on Wall Street or taking a paying job elsewhere, coming up with the contribution, while a minor pain, is a reasonable demand. But if a student wants to take a public service internship which pays little to nothing, the average $1,500 to $2,300 student summer work contribution could force that student to reconsider his or her summer plans. It shouldn’t be that...
...calm them down--and that's exactly what the first drug tailored to block an oncoming migraine was designed to do. Approved in the U.S. in 1993, sumatriptan mimics the action of a neurotransmitter called serotonin, which plays many roles in the brain, including regulation of mood and pain. In the case of migraines, the drug prevents nerve endings in the dura from releasing their stimulatory proteins. No proteins, no pain...
...Pain relief isn't the only reason to stop a migraine before it goes too far. When the illness goes untreated, there is some evidence "of a mechanism in the central nervous system that makes traditional medications less useful," says Dr. Michael Moskowitz, a neurologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston. How that resistance develops is the subject of intense investigation...
...keeping away from them as much as possible is an obvious first step. You should also avoid relying too heavily on quick fixes. "People with severe migraine headaches can enter a cycle of taking medications on a daily or near daily basis," says Dr. Sonja Potrebic of the Pain Management Center at the University of California in San Francisco. "Initially it helps, but over time the headaches get worse." Painkillers that contain caffeine are the most common cause of such rebound headaches. Taking baby aspirin to prevent a heart attack does not seem to be a problem...
Similarly, antidepressants have been used to help prevent migraines. "If antidepressants were discovered today and we didn't know they were antidepressants, we'd call them analgesics," says Dr. Seymour Diamond, director of the Diamond Headache Clinic in Chicago. Intriguingly, the pain-fighting effect of antidepressants takes just three to 10 days to kick in, less than half the time needed to alleviate depression. This suggests that depression and migraine are triggered by different, though related, neural pathways...