Word: pan
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Rule by Rifle. Ignoring pleas for moderation, the determined Nationalists introduced legislation to ban both the troublesome Pan-African Congress, which had fomented the recent unrest, and the larger African National Congress-the only two groups that can speak for the nation's 9,750,000 Africans. "They want to bring the white government to its knees," cried Minister of Justice François Erasmus before Parliament. "The government has decided to bring a halt to the reign of terror." Next day Verwoerd went a step further, declared a state of emergency in all the major population centers...
...years the Africans hated and endured the system. Then a new and more militant organization called the Pan-African Congress decided to exploit the passbook grievance. It urged Africans all over the Union to descend last week upon local police stations-without their passbooks, without arms, without violence-and demand to be arrested. In a few spots, the turnout was impressive. At Orlando township in the outskirts of Johannesburg, 20,000 Africans milled around the police station, led by Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, 36, a Methodist-reared university instructor, who heads the Pan-African Congress. Fifteen miles to the south...
...declared illegal (exception: a political rally of 40,000 addressed by Prime Minister Verwoerd, who complained that most of the unanimous outside criticism came from "the ducktails of the political world .... Good and nice people are mostly quiet"). African political organizations were outlawed. Robert Sobukwe and eleven of his Pan-African aides surrendered and were, jailed. Albert Luthuli, leader of the more moderate African National Congress, was already under house arrest. Both organizations proclaimed a "day of mourning" for the dead (the police released the bodies a few at a time so that there could be no mass funeral...
...became ill with asthma. An admitted "nut on proper food for children," Mrs. Rudkin knew that asthma is an allergy, was nonetheless convinced that she could help her son by building him up. She dug out a whole-wheat-bread recipe left by her Irish grandmother, packed her baking pan with its old-fashioned ingredients-stone-milled flour (to save the vitamins lost in modern milling), honey, molasses, natural-sugar syrup, rich milk, cream and butter...
...states of West Africa to join him in a Union of African States to foil a "colonialist plot" that aimed at "Balkanizing" the continent. His neighbors, fearing that Nkrumah had in mind a little colonizing of his own, brushed aside the scheme. Undaunted, Nkrumah has even written his Pan-African hopes into a new constitution that would give him power to dissolve Parliament and veto its acts whenever he felt that an emergency required it. "In the confident expectation of an early surrender of sovereignty to a union of African states and territories," says Nkrumah's draft constitution, published...