Word: papally
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Natural Right. Populorum Progressio shifts considerably to the left of previous papal encyclicals in its criticism of private property. In his celebrated Rerum Novarum of 1891, Pope Leo XIII argued that economic reform must take into account "the inviolability of private property"; Pope John's Mater et Magistra likewise termed private ownership "a natural right" of man. Paul, on the other hand, declared that property ownership "does not constitute for anyone an absolute and unconditional right. No one is justified in keeping for his exclusive use what he does not need when others lack necessities. The right to property...
...cause, Albert Camus. During this anniversary year of the Reformation, there will be Luther-honoring services and seminars in Protestant churches around the globe -including several in East Germany, where the atheist Ulbricht regime officially regards Luther as a spiritual precursor of Marxism for his fight against imperial and Papal oppression...
Armed with his new-found under standing of faith, Luther began to criticize the theology of indulgences in his sermons. His displeasure noticeably increased during 1517, when the Dominican John Tetzel was preaching throughout much of Germany on behalf of a papal fund-raising campaign to complete St. Peter's Basilica. In exchange for a contribution, Tetzel boasted, he would provide donors with an indulgence that would even apply beyond the grave and free souls from purgatory. "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings," went his jingle, "the soul from purgatory springs." To Luther, this...
...guilty of preaching "dangerous doctrines." A Vatican theologian issued a series of counter-theses, arguing that anyone who criticized indulgences was guilty of heresy. Initially willing to accept a final verdict from Rome, Luther began to insist on Scriptural proof that he was wrong-and even questioned papal authority over purgatory. During an 18-day debate in 1519 with Theologian John Eck at Leipzig, Luther blurted out: "A council may sometimes err. Neither the church nor the Pope can establish articles of faith. These must come from Scripture." Instead of offering him Biblical proof, Pope Leo X issued a bull...
...18th century Italy, reports Pleasants, women singers were considered hardly better than prostitutes and were banned throughout the Papal States. Thus most female roles were sung by castrati, who were paid four times as much as the other singers, up to 20 times as much as the composers. Some tenacious women singers masqueraded as castrati (which caused occasional -and embarrassing- sexual complications). When women were finally accepted on all opera stages in the early 1800s, the vain castrati resented the competition. The result was some classic vocal jousts. Castrato Domenico Caffarelli, for instance, liked to fluster the sopranos during duets...