Word: papered
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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Among the issues Burgard said remained to be addressed were inconsistencies between the current online evaluations and previous paper reviews, as well as the effect that students’ performance in a course has on their assessment of its quality...
...detected early, the disease can be treated effectively with antibiotics. But since the early 1990s, plague has returned to places - including India, Zambia, Mozambique, Algeria and parts of China - that had not seen it in many years or even decades. Its global footprint has also shifted, according to a paper published last month in the journal PLoS Medicine. In the 1970s, most plague cases were in Asia; today, more than 90% are in Africa. The conundrum for epidemiologists: Why is human plague reappearing now, even though nearby animal populations have likely harbored the culprit Yersinia pestis bacteria all along...
...only just beginning to understand the dynamics of plague infection. Its spread depends not just on Yersinia pestis but also on interactions among rodents and, crucially, on contact between humans and wildlife. Madagascar is a good example. For decades, plague was restricted to the highlands, according to a 2004 paper by researchers in Madagascar, Senegal and France. But it showed up on the coast in 1991, when the Asian shrew somehow picked up infected fleas. The plague's earlier comeback in the inland capital, Antananarivo, arose as city sprawl and shoddy housing put residents in closer contact with black rats...
Even in the antibiotic age, then, containing plague requires monitoring more than human cases, says Nils Christian Stenseth, head of the Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis in Oslo, and lead author of the PLoS Medicine paper. Working with nearly 50 years of animal, human and bacteriological statistics from the former Soviet Union, his team found that human plague in Kazakhstan occurs only when the local gerbil population reaches a certain threshold in winter. Warmer winters mean more gerbils. That, says Stenseth, suggests plague's "re-emergence might have a climate component...
...You’ll have to excuse the paper,” he said. “I like to save energy...