Word: parente
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...devised to spur hard work-with the managerial talents of big business. For a fee (average: 3.8% of receipts), the typical franchise operative buys professional expertise he could otherwise scarcely afford-notably, cost controls, promotion and buying advice, and tested operating methods. The main advantage for the parent company is that franchising enables it to expand while putting up little of its own capital...
...purse. Boston's experimental district, like the three demonstration districts in New York City, has been funded by outside money, in this case a federal grant. The Office of Education offered Boston 1.5 million dollars over three years if it would give up some of its control to the parent advisory council which wrote the proposal for the money. No School Committee could refuse that kind of money and stay in office...
Virtually all the community schools place ultimate authority in a parent council, usually including all the school's parents, and a parent executive board. Some schools are more purist than others about how much power should be delegated to hired school directors, and how much the council should involved itself in day-to-day matters. Usually, the more intimate and limited the community served, the more jealous are parents of their power. Both the Roxbury Community School and the East Harlem Block Schools a community school in New York's East Harlem, serve circumscribed areas and have nosy parent groups...
...Parent boards have amazed professional with the speed with which they learn the skills of managing schools and raising funds. "They stop things," says Tony Ward, the articulate, mustachioed director of the East Harlem Block Schools, "for reasons that make sense." Parents, for their part, have learned a healthy cynicism about the advice of professionals and a confidence in their own judgement. Most community groups had the help of professional educators in starting their schools, but learned to guard their own authority. "Professionals sat down in our living room and we insisted on retaining control," says Ellen Fields...
Community schools have bolstered community power and education in more tangible ways as well. All of them hire and pay community and parent aides, some as classroom assistants, other as full time teachers. The practice not only brings federal and suburban (gift) money into ghettos, but often encourages uneducated ghetto residents to return to school. The Roxbury Community School offers night courses in which Northeastern and B.U. teachers help parents toward high school diplomas to teacher certification...