Word: pareto
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...picked up the cult of superman from Nietzsche, the creed of power from Machiavelli. Pareto taught him to despise democracy, Marx to scorn capitalism, and Sorel the myth of universal violence. He courted martyrdom, spat at priests, lived promiscuously with at least half a dozen women. Out of Marxism, jingoism and obscurantism he compounded a new thing called Fascism and imposed it on a nation weakened by war and frightened by social unrest...
...Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) believed that society consists of an elite and a mass, the society's health depending on what he termed "The circulation of the elites." The elite must be "open"-must be able to expel Lions when Foxes are needed, must be able to smell out Foxes among the Rabbits and assimilate them into the elite. Such free circulation is a condition of intelligent government...
...Hook, the Machiavellian position is unsound. Says he: "Behind the facade of logical argument in the writings of Mosca, Pareto and Michels, are two significant assumptions . . . that human na ture has a fixed and unalterable charac ter . . . that the amount of freedom and democracy in a society is determined by a law already known. Both assumptions are false." History, insists Hook, is made...
...individuals analyzed public reactions it was with a thought of their use, of their conscious manipulation to achieve a foreknown effect for the benefit of the group doing the manipulating. This was as true of Lenin, stunned that the German Social Democrats supported the war, as it was of Pareto, brooding over the "residues" of primitive impulses that lay beneath the conscious purposes of the masses...
...sacrificial altar. Alarm clocks jangle so early that they scare the mice back into their holes. Extra chairs are brought into the libraries, and the book return service does a rushing business. It is a picture that might interest a Pareto or a Spengler, the spectacle of a society under stress...