Word: particularized
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...Hungary served as a nice counterpoint to the dropping of Russian-language requirements in that nation's schools. But the second language there has traditionally been German. The historic role of Germany, however, is a troublesome obstacle to what Bush referred to as "making Europe whole again." Poles in particular have suffered from German expansionism, stretching from the Teutonic Knights of the 13th century to Hitler's invasion 50 years ago. To the extent that the E.C. becomes more unified, fears of a resurgent Germany are likely to recede. A strong E.C. could also serve as the core...
Mandela, who has a television and radio in his three-bedroom house at Victor Verster Prison, heard the angry reaction of his supporters. In a statement released last Wednesday, he repeated his conviction that a government "dialogue with the mass democratic movement, and in particular with the African National Congress, is the only way of ending violence and bringing peace." His intention, he told his followers, was "to contribute to the creation of the climate" that would lead to such negotiations. Black leaders immediately began downplaying their resentment, and Chikane retreated. "I welcome Mr. Mandela's commitment" to creating such...
Another logical stepping-stone is a lunar base, which could be built by 2000, as a testing ground for technologies necessary for a Martian sojourn. In particular, astronauts would experiment with living quarters in which air and water are recycled. Inhabitants of a lunar base would also begin learning how to mine the moon for raw materials, including trapped gases and minerals, that would permit the base to become almost entirely self-sufficient and thus permanent...
...precision, Scalia calculated that of the 37 states now permitting capital punishment, only twelve prohibit a death sentence for offenders under 18, and three others forbid it for those under 17. "This does not establish the degree of national consensus this Court has previously thought sufficient to label a particular punishment cruel and unusual," he concluded...
...closing. Everywhere barriers are going up to keep refugees out, largely by challenging whether they are legitimate refugees. The 1951 U.N. Geneva Convention on Refugees defines a refugee as any uprooted person who has "a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion." Western nations claim that much of the deluge crossing their borders consists of people who are fleeing poverty rather than persecution. Thus the issue of accepting the displaced has become intertwined with policy concerns about controlling immigration. "We are not an immigration country," West German...