Word: passports
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...compound the mystery came news that another unhappy Pole had made his way to the West earlier in the month. Using a diplomatic passport to pass through East German border guards, 19-year-old Marek Radomski appeared at West Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie on May 5, told the American MPs on duty that he was "sick of the miserable life under Communism." The young defector's father is an attaché in Poland's embassy in East Berlin and is rumored to be chief of Polish intelligence in all East Germany...
...Young Alexander attended the famous Theresianum School ("much patina, titled schoolmates and scanty meals") and went on to complete his medical studies in 1932. In 1938, foreseeing a second World War, he fled to Rome, where he stubbornly detached himself from the organized world around him. He let his passport expire. He applied for no ration book. He buried himself at the Vatican Museum as a librarian, read nothing printed after the French Revolution. But one day he saw German shells demolish the weathercock on a fine old church and abruptly decided that the time for passive resistance had ended...
Louis Zemel, a Connecticut ski-resort operator, wanted to go to Cuba in 1962 "to make me a better-informed citizen." The State Department refused to put the necessary endorsement on his passport. Last week, in a decision that surprised many libertarians, the Supreme Court sided with the State Department...
...court declared for the first time that travel is "part of the liberty of which the citizen cannot be deprived without the due process of law of the Fifth Amendment." According to that decision (Kent v. Dulles), the State Department exceeded its powers when it denied a passport to Artist Rockwell Kent because of his allegedly Communist beliefs. Last year the court voided an act of Congress denying passports to all U.S. Communists (Aptheker v. Secretary of State). In short, travel cannot be restricted for mere belief or association...
...judgment, Zemel argued that the Cuban travel ban, laid down by the State Department in 1961 violates both Kent's due-process requirement and the First Amendment right of free speech. Equally basic, argued Zemel, the Constitution (Article 1) gives Congress sole authority to make laws. The 1926 Passport Act vaguely empowered the State Department to grant passports "under such rules as the President shall designate." But Congress has not specifically empowered the President to impose area restrictions in peacetime. Otherwise, said Zemel, the statute is an unconstitutional delegation of Congress' lawmaking powers...