Word: pavlov
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...economic advisers, Stanislav Shatalin and Nikolai Petrakov, who were among the chief architects of the 500-Day Plan, say their handiwork "horrified" and "galvanized" the conservatives and led to a crisis session of the party leadership. According to Shatalin, one of the strongest opponents of his plan was Valentin Pavlov, who was then Finance Minister. It was Pavlov, recently appointed Prime Minister, who last month cast a chill on investors from abroad by accusing Westerners of plotting to flood the Soviet market with billions of rubles, wreck the economy and ultimately overthrow Gorbachev. Two weeks ago, the daily Moskovsky Komsomolets...
Christakis explains that the human mind?especially the mind of a baby?is driven by what Ivan Pavlov (of the famous dog) called the orienting reflex. When a baby is confronted with a novel sight or sound, he or she can't help focusing on it. By rapidly changing colors, sounds and motions, videos for children effectively force a baby's brain to stay at attention. If his or her gaze wanders, the action quickly rivets it back to the screen...
...shop was closed down by police in July and the owners, Petar Pavlov and Georgy Panev, were arrested, charged with the production of counterfeit bills and released after four days. Their case is still pending. Yet in November, Bulgarian border police seized another shipment of €79,500 worth of high-quality €50 notes (together with 138 false E.U. passports) allegedly printed at the same shop and destined, they say, for the E.U. Bulgarian forgers are among the most active in Europe, but they are not alone. Across Eastern Europe - and recently in the West as well - skilled forgers...
...sure, earlier scientific discoveries had hinted at the importance of this kind of interplay between heredity and environment. The most striking example is Pavlovian conditioning. When Pavlov announced his famous experiment a century ago this year, he had apparently discovered how the brain could be changed to acquire new knowledge of the world--in the case of his dogs, knowledge that a bell foretold the arrival of food. But now we know how the brain changes: by the real-time expression of 17 genes, known as the CREB genes. They must be switched on and off to alter connections among...
...first decades of the 20th century, nature held sway over nurture in most fields. In the wake of World War I, however, three men recaptured the social sciences for nurture: John B. Watson, who set out to show how the conditioned reflex, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, could explain human learning; Sigmund Freud, who sought to explain the influence of parents and early experiences on young minds; and Franz Boas, who argued that the origin of ethnic differences lay with history, experience and circumstance, not physiology and psychology...