Word: pavlov
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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Indeed, a lot of what researchers have learned about the biology of anxiety comes from scaring rats and then cutting them open. Just as the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov showed 100 years ago that you could condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, scientists today have taught rats to fear all kinds of things--from buzzers to lights--by giving them electrical shocks when they hear the buzzer or see the light. The animals quickly learn to fear the stimulus even in the absence of a shock. Then researchers destroy small portions of the rats' brains...
...front seat, wearing a scruffy, dark sweater, glancing in the rearview mirror. As you give directions and he begins to weave through traffic, a conversation soon evolves. You talk politics, discuss the weather, or tell him a bit about your classwork. The exchange is natural and familiar. Pavlov would have had a field day with this...