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...focus of treatment, however, is psychological, not physical. That treatment is based neither on Pavlov nor on Freud, whose theories have had no influence in China since the People's Republic was established in 1949. Instead, both psychiatrists and their patients study the popular slogans and the philosophical essays of Mao "to arm the mind to fight disease." The idea is to use Mao's thought to separate fact from fantasy, and to concentrate on the present rather than the past, the intellectual rather than the emotional...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Behavior: Mao, the Chinese Freud? | 7/3/1972 | See Source »

...this kind of thinking that influenced Watson. Drawing, too, on the work of Pavlov, he repudiated the subjective concepts of mind and emotion and described human behavior as a succession of physical reflex responses to stimuli coming from the environment. It was the environment alone, he felt, that determined what a man is: "Give me a dozen healthy infants," he wrote in 1925, "and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select?doctor, lawyer, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities." The goal...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Behavior: Skinner's Utopia: Panacea, or Path to Hell? | 9/20/1971 | See Source »

...Freudian psychoanalysis stems from the way each defines neurosis. To psychoanalysts, neurosis is the result of unconscious conflicts that influence behavior in complex, mysterious ways. But to behavior therapists, the unconscious does not matter: neurosis to them is a collection of bad habits that were learned much the way Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Believing that what has been learned can be unlearned, the behaviorists apply conditioning procedures developed in animal laboratories to break old habits and build new ones. Unlike psychoanalysis, which may go on for years, behavior therapy is often...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: BEHAVIOR: Neurosis: Just a Bad Habit? | 8/2/1971 | See Source »

What about, for example, the aphasics of the counterculture? The ad writer may dingdong catch phrases like Pavlov's bells in order to produce saliva. The Movement propagandist rings his chimes ("Fascist!" "Pig!" "Honky!" "Male chauvinist!") to produce spit. More stammer than grammar, as Dwight Macdonald put it, the counterculture makes inarticulateness an ideal, debasing words into clenched fists ("Right on!") and exclamation points ("Oh, wow!"). Semantic aphasia on the right, semantic aphasia on the left. Between the excesses of square and hip rhetoric the language is in the way of being torn apart...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Time Essay: THE LIMITATIONS OF LANGUAGE | 3/8/1971 | See Source »

Certain shows incite conditioned-reflex laughter. A quip rings a bell on stage, or a performer twitches a facial muscle, and the audience laughs, in much the same way that Pavlov's dogs salivated. The playgoer has been given nothing in the way of genuine comic nourishment. He has merely been cajoled into an empty-bellied laugh...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: The Theater: Programming Pavlov's Pups | 2/15/1971 | See Source »

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