Word: peasant
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...position in Russian life towards the end of the 19th Century even more marginal than it had been before. In 1887 a government inquiry found that "90 per cent of the Jews are a proletariat of such poverty and destitution as is otherwise impossible to see in Russia." Nevertheless, peasants who weren't much better off--anti-semitic by religious tradition and education; still resentful of the role Jews had played as retailers, the most visible representatives of an oppressive economy; themselves frightened by deep social change; and egged on by a government itself anti-semitic and fearful that peasant...
...somewhat lower price.) The United States applied an embargo on all exports to Cuba except medicines and some foodstuffs, and arranged for the Organization of American States to throw Cuba out. A couple of years later, President Kennedy organized an invasion, which Cuba's army, still predominantly peasant, repelled. Cuba had won its independence...
...both countries, the most important supporters of the government were small peasants, not middle class people or urban workers. Partly because the countryside was still as important as the cities in these countries, guerrilla warfare was a possibility any would-be conquerer had to take into account. Both Castro's and Tito's insurgents began as guerrilla fighters. Besides, this predominantly agricultural, relatively undeveloped, largely peasant economy is probably less vulnerable to outside pressure than a more developed but not self-sufficient urban economy...
...generals studied sociology and government (instead of military science) in North America, they would have had even greater cause for satisfaction. A growing body of theorists predicted that left revolutions would not happen in industrializing, urbanizing nations. Revolutions were a "disease" which afflicted peasant societies. They believed that the proper innoculation was rapid economic growth. This was the theory behind the Alliance for Progress--the United States would still intervene militarily when it saw its interests threatened--Cuba, 1961, Dominican Republic, 1965--but armed force was only one of a two-edged sword. Economic aid and investment, the other edge...
...Schiaparelli, 83, formidable couturière who dominated the high-fashion world of the 1930s with her art deco-and surrealism-inspired collections; following a stroke; in Paris. Born in Rome, "Schiap" became a French citizen in 1927 and began her career in Paris by designing sweaters featuring bold peasant motifs. From her salon beside the Ritz, she scored many fashion firsts, among them tailored evening jackets, the use of synthetic fabrics and the color, shocking pink. Schiaparelli closed her couture house-where her designs had been sold for as much as $5,000-in 1954, and later reappeared...