Word: penality
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...perdition in Western art. He also has written several art documentaries for Australian television and for the BBC, most recently a pair of 75-minute programs on 17th century Painters Caravaggio and Rubens. Hughes' current projects include a book about Australia's early days as an English penal colony, and also a nine-part television series on 20th century art intended to pick up where Kenneth Clark's Civilisation left off. "It's nice when people agree with what you've written about art," says Hughes, who also knows what it is like to have...
...Penal Collar. Solomon is equally perceptive about China's preoccupation with the printed word. He traces its cultural continuity from the Confucian classics to the thoughts of Chairman Mao. An ancient government bureaucrat advanced by studying the classics. Today his ambitious counterpart must master Marxism as the primary qualification for success in virtually any field...
...Feng or the Tachai production brigade. Because of China's collectivism familial past, the worst punishment an individual can receive is to be isolated from the commu nity and ridiculed by his neighbors. Solomon illustrates this with a 19th Century photograph of two people suffering the cangue, or penal collar, in which their faces are framed for public censure. A postrevolutionary picture shows fanatical Red Guards parading an alleged "capitalist reader" who was forced to wear a dunce...
...determines maleness-but little else, although it is widely believed that masculinity includes aggressive tendencies. Nature sometimes slips the conceptus an extra Y to produce an XYY male, almost certain to be well above average height. Because a disproportionately high number of XYYs were found in penal institutions, studies beginning in the 1960s suggested that they may be prone to aggressive criminality. It has taken a decade and a large-scale study by twelve Danish and American experts to refine that simplistic theory. The researchers report in Science that they tracked down males born in Copenhagen during four years...
...collectors. They can enter houses without court order, inspect bank records, even survey private medical records. The Bergman case prompted Author Kjell Sundberg to declare angrily, "The way society treated Bergman is the way ordinary people are daily treated by the tax authorities, the judicial system, the penal system, the schools...