Word: penality
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Akil said the issue of selective enforcement of the law will not end until the nation's penal system is brought to "people's justice...
...with its drug-withdrawal and methadone-maintenance programs (estimated savings: $18 million a year); the city department of corrections, which also duplicates state penal facilities (savings: $92 million); the municipal broadcasting system, which provides quality material but must be considered a luxury at the present time (savings: $2.4 million); vocational counseling and job placement, which is ineffective and overlaps state services (total savings: $57 million); the board of examiners, which certifies teachers already certified by the state department of education (savings: $3 million...
...wrong. In 1954 the Durham rule, formulated by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, greatly broadened the psychiatric defense by declaring that a person is not criminally responsible "if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect." In a refinement of both rules, the Model Penal Code of 1962-now essentially the rule in 20 states and most federal courts-bases the test on a defendant's lack of "substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements...
...rape of males in prison is also used by Brownmiller to help advance her thesis: rape is primarily an act of power, not of sex. Most penal experts agree that rape is part of the system of establishing the power structure in many jails; a prisoner will either rape or be raped. Sodomy is so important to prison society, Brownmiller says, that even if prisoners were allowed sex with visiting wives or girl friends, homosexual rape would continue...
MacEwen believes that prisons should be close to home. That would give the prisoner a chance "to formulate in his own mind vivid pictures and concepts of how he will fit in when he gets out." Moreover, as long as penal institutions are in remote rural areas, they are apt to be ignored. "Out of sight, out of mind. The community should have to deal with the problem that brought about the arrest, sentence and conviction in the first place. I believe the more involved the community becomes, the less crime we will have. Volunteers who visit or teach...