Word: penalizing
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Skinner himself admits that "pigeons aren't people," but points out that his ideas have already been put to practical use in schools, mental hospitals, penal institutions and business firms. Skinner-inspired teaching machines have begun to produce what amounts to an educational revolution. It was after a visit to his daughter's fourth-grade arithmetic class that he invented the first device for programmed instruction in 1954. Having seen "minds being destroyed," he concluded that youngsters should learn math, spelling and other subjects in the same way that pigeons learn Ping Pong. Accordingly, machines now in use in scores...
...Special Page. George Jackson's death and the accusations that followed pose the challenge to the American penal system that Jackson sought to make in life. "There will be a special page in the book of life for the men who have crawled back from the grave," he wrote his mother in 1966. To Jackson the grave was the life of black people in a racist society, the prison a kind of cemetery for the not yet dead, and the journey back from both could only be made through violent revolution. "All the gentle, shy characteristics of the black...
...robbing a filling station of $70. The offense was, by almost any standard, criminal not political. Jackson received an indeterminate sentence of from one year to life. When it was first put to use, the indeterminate sentence seemed an intelligent reform in the comparatively enlightened California penal system. The theory was that convicts, instead of suffering through fixed terms, might be released whenever prison authorities thought they were rehabilitated. Unfortunately reform has proved to be a regression in many cases; indeterminate sentencing has given California prison authorities an extraordinary and often unjust discretionary power over their convict charges. Repeatedly...
...rose out of the audience and arrested Baird along with 27-year-old Nancy Ann Manfredonia. The charge was that Baird and Mrs. Manfredonia, who attended the lecture with her husband and 14-month-old daughter Kathryn-she could not find a baby sitter-were guilty, under a state penal law, of impairing the morals of a minor. Baird and the mother spent the night in jail; the baby stayed at the station house until 1:30 a.m., exposed to the same contraceptive display, now state's evidence, that supposedly impaired her morals earlier...
...worst afflictions, however, were the Penal Laws passed by the Parliament in Dublin to ensure the continued supremacy of the Protestant minority. Protestant Wolfe Tone characterized the laws as "that execrable and infamous code, framed with the art and the malice of demons, to plunder and degrade and brutalize the Catholics." Execrable they were. Catholic priests were branded on the cheek with a red-hot iron if they failed to register their names and the names of their parishes. Catholics were excluded from political life and forbidden their own schools. They were not permitted to marry Protestants, acquire land from...