Word: perestroikas
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...tensions generated by the scramble for money are never far from the surface. Orthodox executives of China's state-run enterprises are very much like the Soviet Union's permanent bureaucracy, the nomenklatura. They have coasted for years under the old system, and they dislike Deng's perestroika because it asks them to compete like capitalists, and capitalism has losers. "Keeping their jobs is their No. 1 priority," says Sinclair Choy, a marine engineer from Hong Kong, who in partnership with a coastal town on the mainland runs a fishing boat-repair business. "Order, stability, calm," says Choy. "That...
...muscles, talk of a coup -- at least the Kremlin-corridor variety that ousted Nikita Khrushchev in 1964 -- appeared misplaced. But at the same time his virtuoso display of political control highlighted a central question: If he can hire and fire the country's most powerful men, why hasn't perestroika -- his plan to restructure the economy -- paid off in the currency the country demands, a better standard of living for Soviet citizens...
...platform warned. Yet all this has been said before, and seems unlikely to end the fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh or cool the breakaway passions in the Baltic states. On Friday the Lithuanian Communist Party defied Moscow with a declaration that it is "seeking independence in the course of perestroika...
...have a significant figure to his right as a counterweight to Boris Yeltsin on his left so he can bill himself as a middle-of-the-roader. Gorbachev promoted new KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, 65, and chief economic planner Yuri Maslyukov, 51. While both are considered supporters of perestroika, they are also veteran members of the party apparat, come from the same ideological mold as the men they replaced and give no hint of brilliance...
Gorbachev had once hoped to make the Baltic states a showcase for perestroika. But he now faces a painful dilemma. If he allows the nationalist movements to run unchecked, he risks worsening ethnic tensions on top of all the Soviet Union's other problems. But if he cracks down, he will hearten the enemies, who are already making rich political capital out of the discrimination against Russians. The Soviet leader met with Baltic party and government officials last week to seek some compromise of their demands. This week's oft-postponed plenum may show if he has found...