Word: physiologists
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...track star Carl Lewis and swimmer Dana Torres, have muscles containing a large majority of fast-twitch fibers. So, surprisingly, do shot putters and weight lifters, who need not only strength but power too. "They have to move a heavy weight very quickly," explains U.S. Olympic Training Center physiologist Steve Fleck. "Weight lifters in the clean-and-jerk event can move as fast as a sprinter." Distance runners and swimmers, on the other hand, have mostly slow-twitch fibers...
Never getting out of condition is the best way to maintain an athletic career. Top athletes now train year-round instead of seasonally. "It's not advancing age that necessarily hurts performance," says American physiologist Steve Fleck, "it's deconditioning." Experts believe that swimmer Mark Spitz, 42, whose technique in the butterfly stroke is still regarded as ideal, failed in his comeback bid earlier this year in part because he had been out of condition for 17 years and did not do enough resistance training. Nonetheless, notes Fleck, "the trend is in the direction of the better performances coming from...
...their interior structures. Scientists have used an AFM to detail the biochemical cascade that results in blood clotting; to examine the atomic structure of seashells; and to uncover the tiny communication channels that link one cell to another. "We're looking at scales so small," says University of Chicago physiologist Morton Arnsdorf, "they almost defy comprehension...
...entomologist Susan Fisher. "The trick is to do it selectively" without wiping out other aquatic life. Fisher has recently found that minute traces of potassium, nontoxic to other organisms, reliably send zebra mussels into fatal shock. Paints laced with potassium, she speculates, might protect underwater structures from mussel infestation. Physiologist Jeffrey Ram of Wayne State University in Detroit makes an even more devious suggestion. Zebra-mussel spawning, he notes, is triggered by odors wafting from phytoplankton. These chemical cues ensure that the eggs hatch when the food supply is plentiful. But what if synthetic scents were dabbled like perfume above...
Soviet psychiatry began to take shape in the 1920s and drew especially on the work of physiologist Ivan Pavlov (whose experiments on conditioning, particularly with dogs, gave the term Pavlovian response to the English language). His followers largely rejected the work of Sigmund Freud and other Western theorists and looked for physical rather than psychological causes of mental problems. That emphasis led Soviet psychiatrists to rely on drug treatment, work therapy and re-education rather than psychotherapy...