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Shapiro's feat is the latest development in the artificial parthenogenesis, or sexless reproduction, of mammals. Sexless reproduction occurs naturally among many insects and has long been induced by curious biologists in sea urchins and frogs. Fatherless mammals were first produced in 1939 by Dr. Gregory Pincus (now of Clark University), who artificially fertilized ova from doe rabbits by 1) a salt solution, 2) heat, 3) cold. The salt-fertilized eggs, with no contact at all from the male, were replanted in the does and gestated normally into healthy bunnies, themselves capable of sexual reproduction...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Ice Packs for Fathers | 12/1/1941 | See Source »

Shapiro has now dispensed with Pincus' careful surgery. He anesthetized female rabbits so they would lie still and not suffer; then he applied ice packs on their flanks directly over their Fallopian tubes. The rabbits' temperatures, normally about 103.5° F., dropped to from 92.5° to 64.4° F., but they all recovered easily from the chill.† Afterward, at various intervals, Shapiro removed the cold-fertilized ova from the rabbits, found some of them well along toward embryonic development. If he learns why & how mere cold can fertilize a mammalian egg, Shapiro may thereby explain...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Ice Packs for Fathers | 12/1/1941 | See Source »

...biological pranks but in study of cellular and embryonic development. A further reason: callous to the delicate distinctions and aims of science, newshawks might well sensationalize his discoveries, warn damsels to shun snowdrifts, wear woolies. And, like all parthenogeneticists, Shapiro must keep in mind the fate of pioneering Dr. Pincus, who was once quietly dropped from Harvard because his rabbit tinkering was judged to be in rather bad academic taste...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Ice Packs for Fathers | 12/1/1941 | See Source »

Scientists have long known that glass consists of about 46% oxygen by weight but it remained for scientific study to explain how it was spread out through the transparent substance. Dr. Alexis Pincus of American Optical Co. last week announced, as a result of new X-ray studies of the atomic structure of glass, that 92% of its volume consists of nothing but oxygen caught in the interstices of a relatively scanty framework made of silicon and other elements...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Clear as Air | 11/24/1941 | See Source »

...rapidly, it remains clear. So science has assumed that it is amorphous, a patternless collection of molecules, constituting a sort of stiffened liquid. In fact the classic definition of glass is "a liquid whose rigidity is great enough to enable it to be put to certain useful purposes." Dr. Pincus believes that the structure of glass is neither amorphous nor crystalline but somewhere between, with its atoms symmetrically arranged in patterns...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Science: Clear as Air | 11/24/1941 | See Source »

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