Word: pioneerism
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...pioneer in developmental psychology, Erikson has witnessed many of his own works develop into classics in that field within his own lifetime. A native of Germany, he initiated study into the human life cycle and the manner in which whole societies respond to differing phases of personal development; his psychoanalytical research led him to author Gandhi's Truth, a psychological biography of the Indian leader, that won a Pulitzer Prize in 1969. His Childhood and Society has also become a classic text. Erikson taught at the Medical School before joining the Faculty of Arts and Sciences as professor of Human...
...impact of American movies and TV is evident. The Japanese, who love cowboys, are intrigued by anything Western. Says an employee of Knott's Berry Farm near Los Angeles: "They buy cowboy hats, Indian dolls and jewelry and pioneer bonnets for the women." The Japanese are also fascinated by the glitter and tinsel of Las Vegas. The Germans are mesmerized by the wide open spaces in the American West and the grandeur of the redwood forests; they often rent campers to tour the national parks...
...Pioneer Venus 1 will travel more than halfway around the sun, flying outside Earth's orbit for the first three months, then crossing inside Earth's orbit for the last four months of a circuitous, 480 million-km (300 million mile) journey to Venus. This flight path will lessen the accelerating effect on Pioneer of the sun's gravity. As a result, the ship will make its approach to the planet at a lower speed than if it had taken a more direct route across space. Thus a smaller retrorocket will be needed to slow Pioneer down...
...smaller rocket motor enabled scientists to cram a dozen instruments into Pioneer's drum-shaped "bus," 2.5 meters (8.2 ft.) in diameter. In addition to carrying devices that will map the Venusian atmosphere and cloud formations, analyze the composition of the clouds and measure the interaction between the "solar wind" and the atmosphere, Pioneer 1 will use radar to penetrate the clouds and produce a rough topographic map of much of the Venusian surface. Previous radar scans, made by the giant radio telescope in Arecibo, P.R., have already detected some craters, a large chasm, possible volcanoes, mountainous areas...
...Pioneer 2's mission is considerably different. Scheduled for launching on Aug. 7, the probe will take a more direct route-only 354 million km (220 million miles) long-and will arrive at Venus only five days after Pioneer 1. While it is still several million miles away from Venus, the Pioneer 2 bus will release a large probe and then three small ones. The bus and separated probes will continue their journey until they plunge into the Venusian atmosphere. Packed with instruments, they will all begin to take readings of atmospheric temperatures, density, composition and distribution as they...