Word: pioneerism
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Following the release of its first probe, the Pioneer Venus 2 spacecraft this week was scheduled to toss off three additional instrument-crammed packages. The four probes, as well as the mother ship, will arrive at Venus on Dec. 9. All five are aimed to descend over different areas of the planet, so that they will gather the widest possible range of data, including temperatures, composition, density and distribution of the atmosphere. They will be passing through hostile territory. At higher altitudes the probes will be whipped by winds with velocities that may be as high...
Preceding Pioneer 2 will be another Venus-bound vehicle: the unmanned Pioneer Venus 1 spacecraft. Though launched almost three months before Pioneer 2, it has followed a more sweeping trajectory around the sun and will just barely nose out its sister ship, arriving at Venus on Dec. 4. Its assignment is different too; it will ease into orbit around Venus, and in addition to scanning the atmosphere below with an array of instruments, it will beam powerful radar signals through the Venusian clouds and bounce them off the surface. Pioneer 1 will then radio the radar data back to earth...
...year's planetary grand finale will occur in September, when Pioneer 11 reaches Saturn almost five years after its visit to Jupiter. It will pass just outside Saturn's rings, sending back the first closeup pictures of those flat bands of icy debris. During that close encounter, Pioneer will also train its electronic gaze on the huge Saturnine moon, Titan, which has a diameter of some 5,800 km (3,600 miles) and a significant atmosphere, probably consisting of methane, other gases, and organic molecules like those that may have been the precursors of life on earth...
...have to be earn careful about what you do to kids," Curran, a pioneer in the field of children's rights in medical research, said yesterday. Though he fears the government could interpret the rules too stringently, Curran still thinks they are reasonable. "It could have been much worse, as there were some radical proposals made which would have stopped most research," he added...
...viewpoint by a German general and translated, after the war, by Pug Henry himself. As for the fictional characters, their private adventures take place against explicit historical back drops. The novel's involvement with the complicated struggle to build an atomic bomb includes a conversation on pioneer nuclear physics that is a masterpiece of layman's clarity. The Navy's little-remembered but terrible defeat at the Battle of Tassafaronga is described more vividly by Wouk than by the late naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison...