Word: planetful
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...rocket has just lifted off the pad at Cape Canaveral. Perched on top is the Cassini spacecraft, one of the most ambitious probes NASA has ever launched. If the mission goes as planned, Cassini will reach Saturn in 2004 and spend the next four years exploring the giant ringed planet and most of its 18 icy moons...
Last week reinforcements showed up when one of Pathfinder's robotic littermates--the Global Surveyor--arrived at the planet and swung into orbit. Though the landers are likely to wink out within months, the Surveyor orbiter will be studying the planet's surface and atmosphere for years to come. When it's done, NASA should have a better picture than it's ever had of Mars' chemistry, meteorology and perhaps even biology. "We want to understand the evolution of water in that atmosphere," says Arden Albee, Surveyor project scientist, "and whether life could possibly have existed on Mars...
Just getting to the Red Planet was a signal accomplishment for Surveyor. Launching a spacecraft from Earth to Mars, says NASA, is like firing a baseball from California to New York and hitting a particular window in the Empire State Building. Having managed this navigational tour de force, Surveyor then had to enter Mars orbit--a maneuver that carried its own risks...
...time being, Surveyor won't do much at Mars but orbit. The ship's path around the planet is elliptical, with a low point of 155 miles and a high point of 35,000. Each time Surveyor barnstorms Mars on its close approach, however, it drags a solar panel through the atmosphere in a process called aerobraking. A few months of this cosmic paddling will refine the orbit so that by early next year, the ship will inscribe a near perfect 235-mile circle. Then it will switch on its instruments...
When it does, it will find a lot to study. While satellites usually travel horizontally around a planet's equator, Surveyor orbits vertically, flying over both Martian poles. If there is organic chemistry on Mars, it will probably be in a wet, carbon-rich region, and the ice caps--made largely of water and carbon dioxide--fill that bill nicely...