Word: planted
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Ukraine's Volyn in 1897, Liberman attended a gymnasium and took a law degree at Kiev University, went on to study engineering in Kharkov. For some 15 years he worked in various factories near by, including six years as planning chief in a large farm machinery plant. After a wartime stint in a Moscow government job, Liberman went back to the Engineering Institute in Kharkov as a teacher and part-time factory consultant, earning his doctorate in economics in 1956 and the title of professor...
What's Good for the Factory. Profits had long been used in Russia, but only as one among a dozen capriciously applied, yardsticks for determining plant efficiency. Liberman urged that profit be made the prime element, arguing that "the higher the profits, the greater the incentive" to quality and efficiency. "What is good for the factory is good for the society," Liberman insisted...
...other economists leaped into the fray, blasting the "cult of the plan," and insisting that plant managers be given more autonomy. The eminent Nemchinov himself, fast going blind and nearing the end of his life (he died last October at the age of 70), called for something very close to a state-owned market economy. Planning decrees would be replaced by contracts between enterprises and the government, with the lowest bidder getting a particular job-and setting its prices as a result...
...biology, including agricultural research and development. In 1940 he sent his opponent, Professor Nikolai I. Vavilov, Russia's leading geneticist, to die in Siberia. He purged or silenced other critics in universities and laboratories. While Stalin lived, no one dared to disagree with Lysenko. His primitive exercises in plant and animal breeding had few successes, and lack of dogma-free research contributed heavily to the poor performance of Soviet agriculture...
...Modern plant research, writes German Biologist Stefan Vogel in Um-schau, has supplied a sudden flood of knowledge about the behavior of trap flowers. Their blossoms range from one-half inch to two feet in length. They lure insects to their traps by the unfloral smell that their osmophores give off during the "lure phase"; yet even the smells vary-from fecal-like, to cidery, to urine-like, to musky...