Word: poliovirus
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Kidney defects or malformed hearts in newborn infants show a definite relationship to at least four viruses-three of the Coxsackie and one of the Echo group, all distantly related to poliovirus. The infection may be so mild that the mother-to-be does not appear ill. To get their evidence, University of Michigan researchers followed 4,000 women through pregnancy, making frequent tests of blood antibodies to keep tab on the viruses they had picked...
...weakened strain of Type III poliovirus developed by the University of Cincinnati's Dr. Albert B. Sabin had always been accused by some virologists of occasionally reverting to a dangerous form after multiplying in human vaccinees. and the PHS had delayed its approval for many months until last March. Since then, an estimated 13 million Americans have taken it, many of them in mass "SOS" (Sabin Oral Sunday) campaigns such as the one held in Cleveland last June (TIME, July 6). Up to 5,000,000 of those who took Type III were adults...
Culture in Human Embryo. Then came a lucky break. The lab happened to have some poliovirus tucked away. This had hitherto refused to grow except in brain cells, which are unsafe as a culture for a human vaccine because nerve-cell proteins can kill the vaccinated person. Enders suggested growing it in cultures of muscle and skin from human embryos recovered in therapeutic abortions. It worked. Watching the cell-damage effect, the Harvard researchers could see that the virus was multiplying. The virus could still cause paralytic polio. But when serum from a recent polio patient was mixed with...
...meant that poliovirus could at last be grown in a way to make a safe vaccine, and the discovery led the University of Pittsburgh's Dr. Jonas E. Salk to the next step, developing a formaldehyde-killed vaccine. It also meant a 1954 Nobel Prize, which Enders insisted that Robbins and Weller share with him equally...
Success in Measles. An ever more insistent backer of live-virus vaccines, Enders was a bit dismayed that the U.S. took up killed-virus polio vaccine with such zest. He experimented for a while attenuating poliovirus, sent a sample to the University of Cincinnati's Dr. Albert Sabin (who went on to make workable live-virus polio vaccines), then turned back to basic research. In 1954 another of his research fellows, Thomas Peebles, fulfilled Enders' longstanding dream of growing measles virus (obtained from a prep school student named David Edmonston) in tissue culture. This time, aiming...