Word: polish
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...meeting at which he defended his martial law decision as the only cure for anarchy. Accusing Solidarity "extremists" of "haughtiness," he cryptically suggested that some of the interned union leaders might be exiled to the West. The general also attacked the U.S. economic sanctions as "interference" in Polish affairs and denied that he had acted on Soviet orders. Even as he spoke, however, foreign ministers of the European Community were meeting in Brussels, where they adopted a strong resolution condemning martial law in Poland and blaming it largely on Soviet pressure. Jaruzelski's tough line could not hide...
Jaruzelski had destroyed his bridges to the Polish nation. The attempt to find quislings in the Solidarity leadership had apparently failed. So had overtures to the intellectuals. Nor has the church been an ally. The general seemed condemned, at least for the present, to rule by force alone. It was an ironic mission for a self-pro claimed patriot who had once vowed never to use armed might against his own people...
Genuine fear pervades the city. People are asking their foreign friends not to drop by any more. The 4 a.m. knock on the door by the secret police is back in practice, although sometimes with the usual Polish twist. In at least two cases, people who were given the option of signing a loyalty oath prepared by the government or going to a detention center managed to persuade the agents who came for them to accept a more innocuously worded statement...
...Soviet Union's extension of a new $3.8 billion trade credit to Poland last week illustrated a truth that is centuries old: empires, ultimately, are expensive. Since mid-1980, when Polish workers staged the strikes that led to the creation of Solidarity, the Kremlin has pumped $4 billion into its neighbor, some of it in rubles that can be used only to settle bills within the Soviet-bloc Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), some of it in hard currencies that can buy goods or pay debts in the West. But the Soviet Union also supplies its allies with...
...first two decades after World War II, it was Moscow that exploited the economies of its satellites. East German factories were dismantled and moved to the Soviet Union. Czech uranium and Polish coal were shipped east and used in Soviet plants. But the relationship changed in the early 1970s, when the world price of oil and other raw materials rose dramatically and the Soviets decided to protect their Eastern European clients from the full brunt of the increases...