Word: polishing
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Russian armies wiped them out, leaving half the homes and 60% of the factories gutted. Soviet plunderers took most of what was left-railroad rolling stock, machines and livestock. Under the Potsdam Agreement this barren area (the size of Virginia) went to Poland to compensate her for the Polish lands to the east grabbed by Russia. At Western insistence, Poland's authority was "provisional" until a final peace treaty was signed with Germany...
...right down to setting a summit date. At Camp David, President Eisenhower and Prime Minister Macmillan agreed 1) on a foreign ministers' conference to begin on or about May 11 (TIME, March 16), and 2) to go to the summit late this summer. Addendum: the West will accept Polish and Czechoslovakian representatives as observers, but not, as Khrushchev had demanded, as participating delegates. Macmillan made a minor concession: no exact date was set for the summit conference. But the U.S. made a major concession: the summit conference was not made contingent on success at the foreign ministers' talks...
...last time the Polish Communist Party held a congress, back in 1954, Wladyslaw Gomulka was in jail-a Communist leader long out of favor with Stalin. But this time, as 3,000 delegates from all corners of the country gathered in Warsaw's ugly Palace of Culture and Science, Gomulka was plainly running the show and the country. His rasping, 200-page, seven-hour keynote speech was a catalogue of past achievement and future confidence, and if any in the audience still doubted the wizened little man's survival power, their doubts vanished before the week...
Oddest of all, for a Communist state, Polish farms are mostly in private hands. When Gomulka took over, there were 10,510 cooperative farms; today there are only 1,718. Last week Minister of agriculture Edward Ochab dutifully made Marxist noises about the eventual desirability of collectivization, but told the congress that no government pressure will be brought to force farmers back under the collectivist yoke...
...Russians, 160,000 Jews and 72,000 Poles. After nearly a decade in prison and four months on trial, frail emaciated Erich Koch, now 62, was still defiant. Coughing into a handkerchief, sipping tea and porridge to rally his strength, Koch made long, fiery speeches in Polish in his own defense, disputing the court's right to try him, insisting that Polish Communists were guilty of crimes worse than those he was charged with. Between speeches he listened glumly to wartime recordings of his once-vibrant voice proclaiming, "Without Hitler we are nothing. With Hitler we shall...