Word: ponderosas
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...outskirts of Flagstaff, Ariz., Wally Covington drives his pickup truck through a forest choked with nearly impenetrable thickets of ponderosa pines. At last he arrives at the spot where, 10 years ago, he and his colleagues took chain saws to hundreds of trees no bigger than telephone poles, carted off the trunks and branches, and then set fires to clear away the understory. Today the result of these Bunyanesque labors is a marvel to behold, a sun-dappled woodland arched over by the branches of 300-year-old trees and, in the spaces between them, a profusion of grasses...
This is the way the ponderosa pine forests of the American Southwest used to look, says Covington, director of the Ecological Restoration Institute at Northern Arizona University, and it is the way they could look again if thinned of an unnatural density of trees. But time is running out, he fears, for owing to more than a century of mismanagement, these once magnificent forests--along with the communities expanding around their fringes--are threatened by the elemental force that at one time sustained them--fire...
...loose in the forest again, he concluded that the forest had to be made more fire tolerant, and that meant restoring it to its original structure. For guidance, he and his colleagues turned to old photographs and historic texts, all of which confirmed that prior to European settlement, the ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest looked very different, with "every foot...covered with the finest grass," wrote a traveler who passed through the area in the mid-1800s, "and unencumbered with brush wood...
...frequent-fire regime that prevailed in the ponderosa pine forests of Arizona and New Mexico, for example, kept fuels low over widespread areas. In the ponderosa pine forests of Colorado's Front Range, however, big burns were spaced farther apart, allowing flammable material to accumulate. These fires rolled through every few decades or so and occasionally burned extremely hot. Their legacy, says Merrill Kaufmann, a senior scientist with the U.S. Forest Service's Rocky Mountain Research Station, was a mosaic of forested areas that alternated with clearings ranging from 5 acres to 100 acres in size...
...infamous Hayman fire of 2002. In a single day, it is sobering to recall, the Hayman fire flared across some 60,000 acres in Denver's watershed, torching the crowns of trees and cooking the soil. Among the casualties were most of the 300-to-600-year-old ponderosa pines on a 7,500-acre site that Kaufmann has closely studied. It was a beautiful site, he says, ungrazed and unlogged. The only problem was that fuel loads were off-scale because a good fire had not moved through in more than 120 years...