Word: populares
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...ways, Gorbachev has himself to blame for the Estonian impasse. His calls for a "second revolution" of democratic change have been well heeded in the republic -- perhaps too well. A host of grass-roots groups have sprung up to embrace the cause of "democratization." The most prominent is the Popular Front, an avowedly moderate movement committed to furthering perestroika policies. It has attracted as many as 300,000 people to its rallies. Alongside the Popular Front are smaller, more vociferous nationalist organizations, such as the unofficial Estonian National Independence Party, which advocates secession from the Soviet Union...
...Moscow's 1940 annexation of the territory. Since then, Moscow's policies have whittled down the Estonian-controlled sector of the economy to 13% and living standards have eroded. Everything from the cost of movie tickets to bread recipes for bakeries is determined in Moscow, a condition that the Popular Front's Koik condemns as "colonialism, not economic management...
...response to Popular Front appeals, some local planners are touting a scheme to turn the Baltic States into "self-financing" republics, fiscally independent of Moscow and empowered to manage their natural resources. Language is another concern: last month the Estonian supreme soviet issued a draft law declaring Estonian the official language of the republic. Plans are also being discussed to introduce a form of Estonian citizenship as a step toward controlling immigration...
Estonian assertiveness has led to a backlash in the Russian-speaking community, where a group known as Intermovement has emerged to challenge the Popular Front. Intermovement claims 90,000 members, mostly workers in industrial areas where ethnic Russians predominate. Economist Konstantin Kiknadze, an Intermovement leader whose mother is Russian and whose father is Georgian, charges that the Popular Front wants to "exchange a Moscow bureaucracy for one that is Estonian...
...most of them appeared in The New Yorker and could be dismissed by the grim custodians of literary reputations as well-bred entertainments for the well-to-do. Doubts about his importance dwindled only toward the end of his life. His fourth novel, Falconer (1977), won extensive critical and popular acclaim, and the publication of The Stories of John Cheever (1978) $ prompted general jubilation...