Word: post-war
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...After those aspirations were finally extinguished with the fall of Benito Mussolini in 1943, post-war Italy used the Marshall Plan's funds to exploit its creative talent to the full. Iconic designs include the Cisitalia 202 Gran Sport, a 1947 automobile whose svelte curves were emblematic of the epoch's streamlined aesthetic; and Piaggia's Vespa 150 GS, similar to the one ridden by Audrey Hepburn in the 1953 film Roman Holiday. Speed also played its part in the golden age of Italian cinema; witness the Lancia Spider that homegrown idol Vittorio Gassman drove in Il Sorpasso...
...this, I think, is beginning to be understood in Europe. With the election of younger, muscular Atlanticists such as Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy, debate on security matters is moving beyond the peaceful pieties of the post-war generation to a recognition that the world really can be a dangerous place, and that sometimes the only way to combat that danger is by force. "Domestic politics has enslaved foreign policy to the point where it is endangering Germany's alliances," says Jan Techau, of the German Council on Foreign Relations. "German political élites need to speak about repositioning foreign...
...Many leading Polish public figures have criticized the book, saying that Gross neglected to take into account the context of of a shattered and demoralized post-war Poland suffering the the brutal imposition of the Soviet system. The victims of the turbulent postwar years were not only Jews, but also anti-communist Poles as well as Ukrainians and Germans expelled after the post-war shifting of borders. "Let?s remind ourselves of what was going on in New Orleans after a few days of a hurricane," historian Marcin Zaremba wrote in the Polityka weekly. "In Poland, the 'hurricane' took place...
...critics among Polish Jews. At the Warsaw event, Feliks Tych, longtime head of the city's Jewish Historical Institute, criticized Gross for telling only part of the story, selecting the facts that suited his thesis about deeply-ingrained anti-semitism while forgetting to take into account the post-war collapse of state institutions and social control. "Gross is too much of a judge in his book but too little of an analyst," said Tych. "But after his book, it is no longer possible to escape from the question why there were killings of Jews after the war, and that...
...Poland's Catholic Church, blamed by Gross for doing nothing to stem the wave of post-war anti-Semitism, has lashed out at the book. The Krakow archbishop and close associate of the late Pope John Paul II, Stanislaw Dziwisz, has written a letter to the Catholic ZNAK publishing house, saying that it should not have published the book. A publishing house should "propagate historical truth," not "awake anti-Polish and anti-Semitic demons," said the archbishop. Polish prosecutors are considering charging Gross with slandering the Polish nation...