Word: poznan
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...square in front of the newly restored Royal Palace. Elderly Poles dressed for Mass prayed fervently or chatted in hushed tones about the Pope's imminent arrival. About 20 university students from Poznan who had slept overnight on the floor of a Dominican cloister strummed guitars and sang religious and folk songs. Entire families huddled in the windows of nearby buildings that were decorated with white-and-red Polish flags, yellow-and-white papal pennants and portraits of the Pope and the Black Madonna. As John Paul rode past in the white Popemobile that had been brought from Rome...
...visit, jammed Warsaw's Tenth Anniversary soccer stadium for an open-air Mass on the second day of the Pope's visit. Some of them had arrived more than 24 hours early in order to greet the Pontiff. The crowd included delegations from Gdansk, Poznan, Radom, Lublin and other Polish cities. There were uniformed boy scouts, nurses in white tunics, peasant women in brightly colored scarves, and Silesian miners in black uniforms and tall hats topped with black feathers. Farmers from Lowicz, 50 miles southwest of Warsaw, were dressed in their native costume: straw hats with blue ribbons...
...outspoken Pontiff put the Jaruzelski government through some anxious hours during his first days in Poland, more trouble lies ahead this week. On Monday the Pope visits Poznan and Katowice, an industrial city where steelworkers and coal miners put up stiff resistance to martial law. Then John Paul moves on to Wroclaw, scene of some of the most violent clashes between Solidarity demonstrators and riot police. His trip will end with a sentimental return to his home town of Cracow...
...avoid a showdown, the government had mounted an intensive publicity campaign aimed at keeping people off the streets. Officials announced the arrest of underground activists who had allegedly stockpiled crowbars and metal cable to use as weapons. Speaking at the graduation exercises of an officers' training school in Poznan, Jaruzelski warned that "excesses and irresponsible demonstrations" would "not be tolerated." Just before the scheduled demonstrations, the management of several major Warsaw factories played tapes of one of Lech Walesa's moderate speeches, followed by a commentary on how extremists had taken over the union. On the afternoon...
...should retain a degree of independence in domestic matters, even while supporting the general Soviet policy line, a view that resulted in his removal in 1948 as Poland's leader. Jailed from 1951 to 1954 for opposing Stalinist economic collectivization, he returned to power in 1956 following the Poznan "bread and freedom" riots. When Soviet troops massed in and around Poland that October, Gomulka is reported to have met Khrushchev's threat that he had mobilized his troops with the rejoinder, "So have I." The Soviets backed down, and Gomulka became a national hero. Fourteen years later, riots...