Word: pre-war
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...years that followed, while Russian economy climbed slowly back to its pre-War normal, the Party he addressed plunged into turmoil unequaled in political history. Bolsheviks fought Whites, but they also fought Czechs, English, Germans, French, Americans, Japanese, Letts, Mongols, Poles, on 14 fronts and for more than four years-fought with inadequate arms, starvation rations, an exhausted population. They signed with Germany a treaty as punishing as the Treaty of Versailles, lost a quarter of their manufactures. Said Lenin, "I would give up Petrograd for a breathing spell of 20 days." They fought the armies of Kolchak, Denikin, Yudenich...
...descendant of ancient Transylvanian Princes, long an inconspicuous member of the pre-War Hungarian Parliament, the gaunt, mustached, eagle-beaked Count was almost unknown outside his own country when in 1921 he became Premier of storm-tossed Hungary. After the War, when Hungary was ravaged by Bela Kun's flaming Bolshevism, Count Bethlen was one of the organizers of the French-sponsored aristocratic counterrevolution that exterminated the Communists and eventually established Admiral Horthy as Regent of the kingless Hungarian kingdom...
...that it had 18,778,491 fewer people and 50,545 fewer square miles in Europe. Aggrandizer Hitler's Germany does not to date possess Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany's African and Asiatic colonies, but since these accounted for less than 5% of pre-War Germany's export and import trade, they are not the major factors in the altered economic picture...
...economic systems of the west. Price-fixing and market-sharing cartels were encouraged; protection was granted to both agriculture and industry. The Prussian railroads were bought for the Prussian State, and the Social Democratic trade unions were won over to the paternalistic system partly because of the general pre-War prosperity and partly because Bismarck had introduced sickness, accident and old-age insurance for wage-earners...
...great difference separates the new period from the one before the World War. Citizens of that pre-War world had no knowledge of what lay ahead of them, had no historical precedent for the tragedy toward which they were moving, and even the statesmen who tried to avert it had no conception of its terrible scope. On the evening of Aug. 3, 1914, when Great Britain pondered war, Sir Edward Grey stood at the window of the Foreign Office, watching the lamps being lit in the summer dusk, and said: "The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall...