Word: previously
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Dates: during 1870-1879
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...performances. The speaking as a whole was highly creditable; much more so than would seem possible in view of the total lack of facilities for improvement afforded by the College. It is almost farcical that prizes should be given by the College for excellences which are wholly dependent on previous or outside instruction, or on natural ability. In fact, the most noticeable faults of the general speaking were such as the most elementary teaching in the art of oratory would correct...
AFTER all the preaching against cramming that the students of this College have heard, both through the columns of the College papers and from the desks of the recitation-room, after all the springing of examinations, avowedly done in order to prevent previous hasty preparation, and after Mr. Bain's contemptuous disparagement of what he calls "temporary adhesiveness," one would have supposed that the odious practice must have vanished wholly from the land. Yet probably never, during the existence of the College, has cramming ever been required more absolutely than at two examinations in metaphysics which have lately been given...
...measure what is required. These examinations demand cramming, and little else, and as such, they are grossly inconsistent with the avowed opinions of all instructors on this matter. The plan does not differ much from giving out the questions of an ordinary examination a day or two previous. The examinations amount to so little as showing the real knowledge of those examined, that, although a good deal of time is uselessly spent in preparation for them, it would be very unfair to give them any importance in determining a student's position. They are interesting as affording examples...
...history they are then at the beginning of the nineteenth century, having previously gone over a complete course of universal history. The finishing touches are now given to one's knowledge of geography, while in science - arithmetic, elements of algebra, and geometry having been studied in previous years - the study of round bodies and cosmography is now entered upon...
...called year of philosophy that is especially reserved to the study of science. All previous work is then reviewed, and physics and chemistry added. A course of contemporaneous history is now taken, - a somewhat unfortunate innovation, which obliges the professor to pass judgment on events in which sometimes he has himself played a part, or at least taken sides, and that, too, in a country so often shaken and its government overturned by successive revolutions. In this year philosophy is begun. Certain of the Greek, Latin, and French philosophers are read, - Seneca, Cicero, Plato, Xenophon, Descartes, Pascal, Fenelon, Bossuet. These...