Word: processes
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...keynote address, J. Bronowski, director general of the Process Development Department of the British National Control Board, indicated that creativity is encouraged only in societies that value changes...
...confined themselves to the more spectacular improvements. They have adopted automation widely in their mills, can now get a steel ingot of any desired size and quality simply by inserting an IBM card in a machine. Republic Steel is reducing iron ore directly into steel through the new "RN" process, which eliminates the blast furnace and reduces open-hearth time by almost...
Bloody Strikes. This shift in imports has come with what seems like lightning speed, especially to a nation that dominated world steel production for so long. Only 34 years after the age of steel was born with the invention of the Bessemer process in England in 1856, the infant U.S. steel industry began to outstrip the other major producing countries. When Banker J. P. Morgan founded U.S. Steel Corp. in 1901 by merging several companies, the U.S. produced 37% of the world's steel-and Big Steel produced the lion's share of the U.S. total from birth...
Despite its swift progress, the industry is on the verge of new breakthroughs in steel manufacturing and processing that could mean substantial cost cuts. The most important development in steel in decades is the basic oxygen process, developed in Austria seven years ago, in which a jet of pure oxygen is blown into molten steel held in a special converter. The oxygen accelerates the refining action of the metal, burns out impurities, uses less scrap metal. An oxygen vessel costs only about one-half of open-hearth facilities, turns out steel ingots in 35 minutes, v. ten to twelve hours...
Punch-Card Production. To produce stronger and more ductile steel, 17 U.S. companies have adopted another new innovation called vacuum melting. The entire process of melting and pouring steel is carried on in a huge vacuum chamber, operated by remote controls that resemble those in an atomic "hot lab." On a more modest scale, many U.S. companies are also pouring molten steel from their furnaces into a vacuum chamber, producing high-quality, high-stress steel...