Word: processes
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...down the Alabama contempt conviction as a violation of the constitutional rights of N.A.A.C.P. members. Said the opinion, written by Justice John Marshall Harlan: "Freedom to engage in association for the advancement of beliefs and ideas is an inseparable aspect of the 'liberty' assured by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. . . . Inviolability of privacy in group association may in many circumstances be indispensable to preservation of freedom of association...
...sexual reproduction, the chromosomes behave differently. The sex cells (sperm and egg) are the end results of a complicated process (meiosis or reduction division) that gives each of them half as many chromosomes as in the nonsexual cells. This reduction is necessary because the sex cells join during fertilization of the egg, and if each contributed a full set of chromosomes, the fertilized egg would have twice the normal number. But if both sperm and egg contribute half as many chromosomes, the fertilized egg gets just the right number...
This was what Beadle had been hoping for. His explanation is that the gene damaged by X-ray violence was originally responsible for producing an enzyme (organic catalyst) needed in the mold's process of making vitamin B-6 out of simpler nutrients. With the gene out of action, the process stopped, and the mold could not grow without help. It was like a human diabetic who needs an external source of the insulin that his body cannot make...
...change bacteria from one true-breeding strain to another, it may have some similar effect on higher animals, including humans. If such a process is discovered, not much DNA will be needed. The entire supply of DNA that could control the heredity of the next generation of the human species (several billion individuals) could be put in a cube one twenty-fifth of an inch on a side...
...give back $27.5 million (less tax credit), and lesser amounts are demanded from North American, Douglas, Lockheed and most of the others. The planemakers maintain that the Renegotiation Act is unconstitutional because it levies what amounts to a tax without a rate-and thus deprives the taxpayer of due process. The law provides no formula to measure excess profits. Instead, the board considers such items as the risk involved, the company's efficiency and any other "factors considered important by the board...